重磅！美国今日通过“区块链监管确定性法案”「附全文&翻译」

简讯速览

2023年7月26日上午10:00（美国东部时间），美国国会通过了一项由议员艾默（Emmer）和索托（Soto）共同提出的关键法案，名为“区块链监管确定性法案”（Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act）。这项法案在美国国会众议院引起了广泛的关注，并最终在金融服务委员会的引导下得以通过。

法案以其准确且详细的定义和规定，对非控制区块链开发者和区块链服务提供者的活动进行了有效规范，具有重大的法规意义。法案内容主要分为三部分，首先明确了法案的标题为“区块链监管确定性法案”，其次针对非控制区块链开发者和区块链服务提供者提供了许可和注册的安全港，最后是对关键术语如“区块链开发者”、“区块链网络”、“区块链服务”、“控制”和“数字资产”等进行了明确定义。

本法案的重要性在于，它明确了虚拟货币的法律地位，并将其正式定义为“可以由个人独占和从人对人转移，而无需必要依赖于中介的任何形式的无形个人财产”，也即“数字资产”，为此类资产的监管制定了清晰的指导原则。这不仅为美国国内的虚拟货币监管提供了一致性，消除了之前混乱的监管环境，而且可能对全球范围内的虚拟货币定义和监管产生积极影响。

通过这一法案，美国为全球其他国家和地区提供了一个模板，对于如何规范虚拟货币以及基于区块链的服务和开发活动提供了参考。这对于提升虚拟货币的公众认知，增强市场透明度，以及推动虚拟货币行业的健康发展都有着重要的意义。

数字经济法律圈第一时间对法案原文进行了如下翻译并附上英文版原文：

“区块链监管确定性法案”翻译

美国众议院第1747号法案

目的：为某些不具备控制权的区块链开发者和区块链服务提供商提供免于许可和注册的保护

地点：美国众议院

艾默先生（代表他自己和索托先生）提出了以下法案，该法案已提交给金融服务委员会审议

法案内容：为某些不具备控制权的区块链开发者和区块链服务提供商提供免于许可和注册的保护

由美国参议院和众议院在国会集会中制定

第一部分 法案简称

本法案可被称为“区块链监管确定性法案”

第二部分 针对非控制区块链开发者和区块链服务提供商的保护措施

(一) 针对非控制区块链服务和软件开发者的保护

除非开发者或提供者在日常业务中对用户在区块链服务或区块链开发者创建、维护或传播的软件下有权的数字资产有控制权，否则不应将任何区块链开发者或区块链服务提供者视为货币转移者（如州许可法所定义）、金融机构（如第31章5312节美国法典所定义）或任何其他需要许可或注册才能作为区块链开发者或区块链服务提供者的州或联邦法律指定。

(二)对其他法律的影响

1.知识产权法

本节的任何内容均不得被解释为限制或扩大任何关于知识产权的法律。

2.州法

本节的任何内容均不得被解释为阻止任何州执行与本节一致的州法。不得根据与本节不一致的任何州或地方法律提起诉讼或施加责任。

3.本节中的定义

(1) 区块链开发者。指的是创建、维护或传播促进创建或维护区块链网络或区块链服务的软件的任何人或企业。

(2) 区块链网络。指的是一种网络计算机系统，该系统合作达成对计算机程序状态的共识，并允许用户参与达成共识的过程，无需许可专有软件或获得其他用户的许可。该术语特指一种公共计算机网络，该网络合作达成对描述数字资产交易的分布式账本状态的共识。

(3) 区块链服务。指的是任何信息、交易或计算服务或系统，该服务或系统为多个用户提供或启用访问区块链网络的能力，特别是一种服务或系统，该服务或系统使用户能够发送、接收、交换或存储由区块链网络描述的数字资产。

(4) 控制。指的是法定权利、权威或能力，可以根据需求获取足够的数据来发起花费一定数量数字资产的交易。

(5) 数字资产。指的是任何形式的无形个人财产，可以在人与人之间独占地转移，无需必要地依赖中介。

法案原文

H. R. 1747

To provide a safe harbor from licensing and registration for certain non-controlling blockchain developers and providers of blockchain services.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Mr. Emmer (for himself and Mr. Soto) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Financial Services

A BILL

To provide a safe harbor from licensing and registration for certain non-controlling blockchain developers and providers of blockchain services.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the “Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act”.

SEC. 2. SAFE HARBOR FOR NON-CONTROLLING BLOCKCHAIN DEVELOPERS AND PROVIDERS OF BLOCKCHAIN SERVICES.

(a) Protection For Non-Controlling Blockchain Services And Software Developers.—No blockchain developer or provider of a blockchain service shall be treated as a money transmitter (as defined under State licensing laws), a financial institution (as defined under section 5312 of title 31, United States Code), or any other State or Federal legal designation requiring licensing or registration as a condition to acting as a blockchain developer or provider of a blockchain service, unless the developer or provider has, in the regular course of business, control over digital assets to which a user is entitled under the blockchain service or the software created, maintained, or disseminated by the blockchain developer.

(b) Effect On Other Laws.—

(1) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or expand any law pertaining to intellectual property.

(2) STATE LAW.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent any State from enforcing any State law that is consistent with this section. No cause of action may be brought and no liability may be imposed under any State or local law that is inconsistent with this section.

(c) Definitions.—As used in this section:

(1) BLOCKCHAIN DEVELOPER.—The term “blockchain developer” means any person or business that creates, maintains, or disseminates software facilitating the creation or maintenance of a blockchain network or a blockchain service.

(2) BLOCKCHAIN NETWORK.—The term “blockchain network” means any system of networked computers that cooperates to reach consensus over the state of a computer program and allows users to participate in the consensus-making process without the need to license proprietary software or obtain permission from any other user. The term includes, specifically, a public network of computers that cooperates to reach consensus over the state of a distributed ledger describing transactions in a digital asset.

(3) BLOCKCHAIN SERVICE.—The term “blockchain service” means any information, transaction, or computing service or system that provides or enables access to a blockchain network by multiple users, including specifically a service or system that enables users to send, receive, exchange, or store digital assets described by blockchain networks.

(4) CONTROL.—The term “control” means the legal right, authority, or ability to obtain upon demand data sufficient to initiate transactions spending an amount of digital assets.

(5) DIGITAL ASSET.—The term “digital asset” means any form of intangible personal property that can be exclusively possessed and transferred person to person without necessary reliance on an intermediary.